Moral Relativism

From: Subject: Moral Relativism Date: Sun, 9 Jan 2005 20:11:40 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0009_01C4F687.6E928350" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0009_01C4F687.6E928350 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.via-visioninaction.org/articles/auth2/A.htm Moral Relativism

Moral=20 Relativism: Roots and Fruits

Glenn A. Olds, Ph.D.

Our modern era has lost the sense of the cosmic status of = value,=20 sundering the classical conviction that reality and = value=20 belong together. In first its method and then its philosophies, it = has=20 narrowed =93reality=94 to be the measurable and manageable, what = can be=20 predicted and controlled, and it has relegated =93value=94 to the = purely=20 personal, subjective, and relative. This schism makes possible the = easy=20 transition to the primacy of power over persuasion, the argument = of the=20 club and gun over reason, and the noisy and nasty = denominationalism that=20 characterizes our time. It domesticates the Divine, captured in=20 reductionistic and narrow frames, and makes might right, power = arbiter of=20 value, and turns our world into a teeming battleground = increasingly=20 perilous in the possession and pursuit of power, and the passion = for it,=20 locked up in our grasp of nuclear potential.

The=20 preoccupation with objects not subjects, = control not=20 compassion, prediction not persuasion, = means=20 not ends, facts not values has brought us = to the=20 brink of disaster. It has made box cutters in the hands of = fanatics as=20 lethal as legions and defense of liberty more costly than its = nurture.=20 Power is no longer what we look at, but that through which we look = at=20 everything else.

The=20 innocence of the roots of this development is as dangerous as it = is=20 unconscious. Beginning with the innocent Cartesian conviction that = doubt=20 should sanitize and clarify the lens of consciousness to give us = an=20 indubitable, rock bottom assurance of truth, that is dubito = ergo=20 sum or more popularly cogito ergo sum, =93I think, = therefore I=20 am!=94 it slipped innocently into the conviction that only what = can be=20 =93observed=94 or =93sensed=94 revealed in =93controlled = experiment,=94 and =93proved=94=20 by formal logic could be known or held to be true about=20 reality.

It=20 should have been easy to discern the fate of =93values,=94 even = the =93self=94 or=20 =93God,=94 in such a restricted theory of reality and the truth = about it. No=20 one had ever claimed that =93value,=94 =93self,=94 or =93God=94 = could be =93sensed=94 as=20 with a rose or a road. Nor was =93value=94 a conclusion of any = formal=20 syllogism, to subject to manipulation or control by any empirical=20 experiment. One does not =93see=94 value, the self, or the Divine, = as one=20 would a landscape or a falling ball.

=93Value=94=20 escapes these epistemological requirements for an early and = limited=20 science bent on knowing the measurable and manageable external = world. But=20 then, before the striking successes of the =93natural=94 science = in the early=20 centuries of the modern era, it was to be expedient and = fashionable to=20 exclude all else from dependable knowledge. It did not occur to = those=20 early =93scientists=94 that so narrow a definition of what was = scientifically=20 =93knowable=94 would become a touchstone for the rest, the whole = of reality.=20 Indeed, in this earlier period of striking successes and extension = of the=20 =93scientific method,=94 it was both possible and profitable to = hold on to the=20 classical assumptions about value, the self, the Good, and even = God, which=20 were never presumed to have been =93sensed=94 in the narrowly = scientific=20 description. They comprised the setting and condition for the = knowing=20 enterprise. For the continental rationalist and British = empiricists alike,=20 the =93knowing=94 enterprise, much less our =93being=94, they were = presuppositions, conditions for knowing at all.

With=20 Kant=92s Critical Philosophy there was an early warning, that the = British=20 empiricist, David Hume, had awakened him from his =93dogmatic = slumbers.=94=20 Kant was quick to affirm that the entire knowing enterprise, pure = and=20 practical reason and aesthetic awareness, was set in a larger = context of=20 presuppositions, which required the soul and God to account for = the=20 enterprise at all. And with Kierkegaard=92s anguished critique = that the=20 irreducibly =93personal=94 eludes the net of our rational, = scientific=20 constructs, the long march toward a totally secularized and = sanitized view=20 of knowing, and the fate of value, never claimed to be known or = testable=20 in this narrow scientific frame of what was presumed to be true or = real,=20 was assured.

With=20 this steady ascendancy of this narrow =93scientism=94 becoming a = full-fledged=20 and presumed inclusive philosophy, the stage was set for the = agonizing=20 triumph in modern times of the ancient presumption in the=20 pre-philosophical twilight, that =93might makes right,=94 the = =93values=94 not=20 endorsed in reality were the banner/response of the strong, and = confirmed=20 the retreat of reason from this arena of human action and = accountability.=20 Indeed, Plato and Aristotle, anchoring their two traditions in the = West,=20 made it clear that if value judgments were only and purely private = preferences, there would be no cosmic grounding of the Good as = alternative=20 to questions of power, and no anchoring of human action in appeal = to moral=20 principle, which surpassed personal preference or arbitrary=20 power.

Indeed,=20 emergence of this ancient sophistry concerning the Good became, = first=20 subtly by assumption, and latterly self-consciously and muscularly = the=20 credo of our time.

Widespread=20 conviction that the sciences were =93neutral,=94 value free = in their=20 descriptions and prescriptions, made them easy and innocent = instruments of=20 power, political, ideological, and religious. The fashioning and = release=20 of the first atomic bomb galvanized the concern of Einstein, then = other=20 scientists, especially those knowledgeable of the =93bomb=92s=94 = potential, that=20 a new and horrendous force had been released in the=20 world.

It=20 was clear to Einstein, and swiftly others, that so-called = =93neutral=20 science,=94 cut free of any cosmic constraints of cosmic value, = was indeed a=20 fiction. That =93science=94 was not morally neutral, but was = capable, without=20 value constraints, of incredible carnage, became instantly clear. = =93Value=94=20 consideration could not be left to subjective whim or the largest = club.=20 Either there were cosmic and rational grounds for the good, or we = were=20 victims of whomever wields the most power.

It=20 was this knowledge, more than almost any other, that prompted the = founding=20 of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy = Commission.=20 Indeed, as the preamble of the United Nation=92s charter begins, = its=20 founding was to =93save succeeding generations from the scourge of = war,=94 now=20 known in the devastating effects of Hiroshima=20 and Nagasaki.=20 It was clear that such =93power,=94 tribute to our human knowledge = and=20 exploitation of nature, could not save us, but unless brought = under=20 international control, would indeed destroy us. It is why the = current=20 crisis in North=20 Korea=20 is focused by the Atomic Energy concern from their monitoring = process as a=20 more fundamental breach of security than all our = armies.

This=20 progressive banning of any cosmic or Divine dimension of reality = is=20 easiest to trace in its 19th-century history, in the impulse and = shadow of=20 its three =93innocent=94 protagonists, Marx, Darwin, and=20 Freud.

In=20 1848, Marx=92 release of his Communist Manifesto made it = clear from=20 his earlier theological studies and Hebraic-Christian traditions = that a=20 better substitute for talking about God was to talk about man in a = loud=20 voice. (Karl Barth=92s (1)=20 trenchant phrase from the next century!) A decade later (1858) = with=20 release of Darwin=92s=20 Origin of the Species, the =93innocence=94 was taken a step = further.=20 Even the theist=92s precarious claim that God was needed at least = to get=20 creation started was trumped by Darwin=92s=20 reduction of the creative process to =93natural selection=94 and = pushing even=20 further necessity for Divine intervention in the process. The = final blow=20 came from Freud as the century closed and opened on a new = scientific era=20 when he =93innocently=94 banned the Divine disclosure from the = last bastion of=20 the human soul, as an =93illusion!=94

The=20 stage was set out free of any cosmic restraint or philosophical = criticism,=20 for the rise of every form of unrestrained power, nationalistic, = Fascist,=20 and its most virile form in Hitler=92s Nationalistic Socialism, = and Japan=92s=20 Kamikaze=92s devotion to Emperor and state.

The=20 mounting tide of disillusionment and fear of misuse of atomic = power, which=20 held the U.S.=20 and the U.S.S.R. at bay in the cold war, began emptying a modern = Pandora=92s=20 box. The rash of conflicts, local and regional, saw the 20th = century just=20 closed as the most violent in human history. Fed by a growing gap = between=20 the rich and poor, and the rich getting richer and the poor = getting=20 poorer, it was predictable that it would begin to erupt around the = edges=20 in nasty, noisy displays of the desperate human =93bombs=94 = exploding in the=20 market places of the world. It should alert us that something is = radically=20 wrong at the heart of our age.

It=20 had yet to become apparent that the triumph of a limited and = limiting=20 =93scientific method=94 that presumed to be =93value free,=94 had = no rational=20 restraint on its hubris and appetite for power. Indeed, it had = already=20 =93infected=94 the religious tradition, now rendered relatively = irrelevant by=20 the advancing scientific era, and one to which their effort at=20 accommodation became philosophical capitulation.

Even=20 the religious traditions, notably anchored in the Western Theistic = tradition of the Hebrew, Christian, and Islamic cultures, seem = infected=20 with this same human hubris. Not only are some of our bloodiest = battles=20 fought in God=92s name, but they become the handmaidens of = political=20 orthodoxies around the world. Indeed, one of the reasons for = failure of=20 the religious spirit to curb our violent =93orthodoxies=94 is = their infection=20 at the source, by this same power bent, horizontally-driven = passion for=20 =93affirming man in a loud voice!=94 Indeed, this religious = sanction is=20 slipping into our political rhetoric, despite the wisdom of our = founding=20 fathers in separating church and state, from precisely this peril = that=20 drove our Pilgrim Fathers and their successive generations of = immigrants=20 to this new land where conscience was to be free of this bondage = to=20 cultural idolatry of any form.

Our=20 founding fathers were clear, and we should be, that separation of = church=20 and state did not imply abandonment of religious perspective or = practice,=20 but only that it would not be permitted to legislate divisive or=20 conflicting public policy. They had seen the fierce wedding of = religious=20 absolutism and political power and policy which drove them, often=20 persecuted, from their homeland. They were convinced that men = could and=20 would worship the God of their own understanding. But they were = equally=20 convinced no such personal religious commitment should ever be = transmitted=20 into mandatory public policy, and obligatory on everyone in the=20 commonwealth.

Their=20 clear-minded distinction did not prevent the flowering of every = kind of=20 institution and service, personal or public. It did not freeze the = religious spirit in some historical form. It permeated, even = encouraged,=20 religious pluralism. But it prevented, at bottom, the tendency of = every=20 culture and person to idolatrize their group and version of the = Divine and=20 impose it on the rest.

The=20 peril of a reductionistic scientism to become an enshrined = orthodoxy,=20 legislating what could be considered true or false, real or = unreal, for=20 the whole of reality, was a dangerous and mistaken extension of = useful=20 method in a selective field, to become a new kind of = =93orthodoxy=94 presiding=20 over all the rest. It is this dangerous presumption, overshadowing = all the=20 rest, that perils our time. It provides religious fire and zeal to = every=20 form of human and historical idolatry, which claims to have the = only,=20 final, and full version of the truth. It is no less dangerous if = claimed=20 to be scientific or skeptical. Indeed, religious zeal behind such = feet of=20 clay gave power to Hitler and Tito=92s arrogant claim of power in = their=20 time. We do well to heed it for ourselves.

We=20 can see the urgent and evident complications of this cosmically = rudderless=20 clash of values in our time. Traditional values, rooted in our = Hebraic,=20 Christian, and Islamic cultures, of concern and responsibility for = others,=20 especially the defenseless, women and children, has been = dramatically=20 eroded, witnessing in our times shrinking of our foreign aid to = foster=20 precisely that help to the lowest of any =93developed country=94 = in the world.=20 Now at barely .04 of the GNP, down from our magnanimous=20 10⁺%=20 under the Marshal plan to help rebuild = Germany=20 and Japan,=20 our erstwhile enemies. Small wonder that nations large and small = are=20 troubled by our priorities, and continued and awesome investment = in=20 military might while a third of the world goes to bed=20 hungry.

Anyone=20 who has recently traveled abroad will be aware of this strange=20 fear/fascination before our unchallenged power. Even our = President=92s=20 thoughtful assurances that we have no appetite for imperial power = or=20 control leave many, even allies, troublingly doubtful over our = proclaimed=20 disinterest over the Middle East while remaining its largest = consumer of=20 its black gold=97oil. This ambivalent and anxious look is rarely = seen by the=20 average American who thinks of himself, and justly so, as = generous, open=20 hearted, and, when the chips are down, as in World Wars I and II, = Korea,=20 and Bosnia, and now Afghanistan, willing to sacrifice life and = substance=20 to the protection of human life and liberty. Yet it is this = troubling=20 ambiguity and contradiction that should cause us concern.=20

A=20 worrisome feature of a resurgent Christian Orthodoxy in our time = is its=20 insinuation into structures of political party and practice, in = our time=20 flirting with the peril of an earlier European time, when our = Puritan=20 Fathers fled to practice religious freedom. It was the same = impulse that=20 prompted our founding fathers to separate church and state, and = avert it=20 happening here.

As=20 one who has spent a lifetime fostering, teaching, and serving this = genuine=20 American spirit of sharing and sacrifice under four presidents, = two=20 Democratic (Kennedy and Johnson) and two Republican (Eisenhower = and=20 Nixon), I am baffled and appalled that our political parties, = people, and=20 leadership should be so slow to grasp this mounting apprehension. = One can=20 celebrate, as I do, the clear-minded tenacity of our President in = securing=20 a unanimous Security Council resolution on=20 Iraq.=20 One can further rejoice, as I do, that our splendid Secretary of = State=20 celebrates in his person, philosophy, and performance triumph over = color,=20 class or claim for power in the acknowledged competence and = dedicated=20 service he brings to his awesome task in this moment of our = precarious=20 history.

What=20 is needed now is more than appreciation of our national = leadership, as=20 important as that is. We need to recover suspicion of any = religious=20 orthodoxy presuming to take over political power. Have we = forgotten the=20 shrill tones of Pat Buchanan=92s aspiring presidential speech of = that=20 forgotten bid for the presidency? It must have been an = embarrassment to=20 the first President Bush, whose Yale training gave him clear-eyed=20 understanding of our history, and the compelling reasons for = separation of=20 church and state.

Beyond=20 that, there are some immediate, urgent, and achievable objectives, = to=20 which all of us, of whatever party or none, can be enlisted to = serve.=20 These should be on every citizen=92s agenda and New Year=20 list:

=95   =20 an unabashed optimism about the human potential and capacity to=20 share;
=95   =20 a radically =93democratic=94 sense that every person is deserving = of dignity=20 and freedom;
=95   =20 a new humility about our person and providential place in the=20 sun;
=95   =20 a fresh commissioning of our talents, energy, and resources to = address the=20 world needs;
=95   =20 commitment to bend our resources to address the unsolved problems = of=20 health and survival of our world;
=95   =20 realignment of our resources away from weaponry to=20 =93livingry=94;
=95   =20 celebration of sacrifice as a public virtue constrained by = humanity and=20 justice;
=95   =20 serious support for the United Nations, modeled after our own = federal=20 systems;
=95   =20 fostering leadership to strengthen, reform as needed, and lead = through an=20 empowered United Nations;
=95   =20 revitalization of the Peace Corps model to enlist and support a = new call=20 for civil service;
=95   =20 expand the concept of the R.O.T.C. to include training in Peace = Keeping as=20 well as war making;
=95   =20 understanding that =93under God=94 calls for humility and = tolerance, not=20 arrogance and self-righteousness.

These=20 are but a few hints at the untapped resources at our door to = demonstrate=20 to a needy and skeptical world we still know how to =93put our = money where=20 our mouth is!=94 That we are still ready to go anywhere, do = anything our=20 world requires to survive and strengthen the human condition and=20 freedom under law! And that we, too, are constrained by = justice=20 =93under God.=94

It=20 would be neat if someone would come up with another imaginative = and=20 unprecedented announcement such as that of our young President = Kennedy,=20 =93Before the decade is out, we will land a man on the moon!=94 = One can barely=20 remember the chilled excitement of that announcement, and the even = more=20 arresting moment in July, 1969, when we watched awestruck and = amazed as=20 our first man planted the flag on that vast moonscape, and we saw, = for the=20 first time, our small spinning =93space craft,=94 the earth, from = beyond=20 itself, spinning there in silent orbit, humbling and moving us to=20 empowering reverence all at once.

Are=20 there not more such moments awaiting us? We have not begun to = imagine what=20 a providential Universe, released human energy beyond narrow = egocentric=20 serving, and a global human commitment to that larger community of = which=20 we are a part can discover and bring to pass. Cannot the dream of = every=20 child born into the world bring that assurance of which the Indian = poet=20 Tagore spoke, =93That God is not yet = discouraged=20 with man!=94? Isn=92t the chance of life, liberty, and happiness = their=20 birthright as well as our own?

Some=20 things money can=92t buy! We knew that before we had any! Have we = come so=20 far from those humble beginnings, whether at Plymouth Rock or the = Western=20 Frontier that it is now only our material wealth that has become = the envy=20 of the world? I hope not, for the world=92s sake, and our=20 own.

Note:

1.= =20 Karl Barth (1886-1968), Swiss = Protestant=20 theologian. His published works include Church Dogmatics=20 (1932).

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